Re: "mala in se"

   

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When the acts complained of are inherently immoral, they are deemed mala in se, even if they are punished by a special law. Accordingly, criminal intent must be clearly established with the other elements of the crime; otherwise, no crime is committed.






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   Generally, mala in se felonies are defined and penalized in the Revised Penal Code. When the acts complained of are inherently immoral, they are deemed mala in se, even if they are punished by a special law.8


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  Accordingly, criminal intent must be clearly established with the other elements of the crime; otherwise, no crime is committed. On the other hand, in crimes that are mala prohibita, the criminal acts are not inherently immoral but become punishable only because the law says they are forbidden. 



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  With these crimes, the sole issue is whether the law has been violated.9 


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  Criminal intent is not necessary where the acts are prohibited for reasons of public policy.10


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   Section 27(b) of Republic Act No. 6646 (11) provides: 

SEC. 27. Election Offenses.- In addition to the prohibited acts and election offenses enumerated in Sections 261 and 262 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 881, as amended, the following shall be guilty of an election offense:


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   x x x 

(b) Any member of the board of election inspectors or board of canvassers who tampers, increases, or decreases the votes received by a candidate in any election or any member of the board who refuses, after proper verification and hearing, to credit the correct votes or deduct such tampered votes. 

x x x


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    Clearly, the acts prohibited in Section 27(b) are mala in se.12 

For otherwise, even errors and mistakes committed due to overwork and fatigue would be punishable. Given the volume of votes to be counted and canvassed within a limited amount of time, errors and miscalculations are bound to happen. And it could not be the intent of the law to punish unintentional election canvass errors. 


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    However, intentionally increasing or decreasing the number of votes received by a candidate is inherently immoral, since it is done with malice and intent to injure another.



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     Criminal intent is presumed to exist on the part of the person who executes an act which the law punishes, unless the contrary shall appear.13 

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   Thus, whoever invokes good faith as a defense has the burden of proving its existence.

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  Public policy dictates that extraordinary diligence should be exercised by the members of the board of canvassers in canvassing the results of the elections. Any error on their part would result in the disenfranchisement of the voters.


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 The Certificate of Canvass for senatorial candidates and its supporting statements of votes prepared by the municipal board of canvassers are sensitive election documents whose entries must be thoroughly scrutinized.


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    Note:

Citations 8-13 


8 Luis B. Reyes, The Revised Penal Code, Book One, 55 (13th ed). 


9 See United States v. Go Chico, No. 4963, 15 September 1909, 14 Phil 128, 134. 


10 Ibasco v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 117488, 5 September 1996, 261 SCRA 449, 454 citing People v. Conosa, C.A. 45, O.G. 3953. 


11 "The Electoral Reforms Law of 1987". An Act Introducing Additional Reforms in the Electoral System and for Other Purposes (5 January 1988). 


12 Domalanta v. Commission on Elections, G.R. No. 125586, 29 June 2000, 334 SCRA 555, 564. 


13 United States v. Apostol, No. 5126, 2 September 1909, 14 Phil 92, 93; Rules of Court, Rule 131, Sec. 3, par. (b).


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